Hitler and Mussolini

It is striking to note the strange similarity between the path of nationalism of the interwar cousins, twins of totalitarianism, pioneers in the art of handling the crowds that were Hitler and Mussolini.

Both began their careers at the extreme left of the political spectrum (German Workers Party (DAP) and the Socialist Party for Hitler to Mussolini anarchist trend), to complete their quest for the absolute deadly in the extreme right, through the same tortuous paths, using the weakness of parliamentary democracies in place.

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Hitler and Mussolini

Hitler was fascinated by the early route of the Italian dictator who came to power 10 years earlier (1922). Mussolini had won the Grail walking, with its black shirts, Rome. The Führer will do the same in 1923 while walking on Berlin.

No doubt that the Führer organized taking power in borrowing widely Mussolini. Soon, the student surpassed the master; going further in its policy of conquest, purification, anti-Semitism, gradually leading to the Duce in a devilish vortex which Mussolini could never escape. Mussolini was captured with his mistress Carla Petacci, then murdered by followers before his mutilated body is offered to the crowd. To avoid a similar end, Hitler, accompanied by Eva Braun, preferred suicide, separating thus, in his last moments of the original.

Hitler and Mussolini

From extreme left to the extreme right

Mussolini was from 1906 to 1914, a socialist leader. In 1910 he launched his own left-wing newspaper to clearly revolutionary trend: La Lotta di Classe ; a title inspired course of Marx. He will go in July 1912 until the Revolution and hoped the expulsion of socialists too moderate!

Similarly Hitler entered politics through the left door, infiltrating, as an indicator of the governor of Bavaria, the DAP (Deutsche Partei Abeiter) : The German Workers’ Party. Became the Führer (the guide) of the DAP, he added the name of the party the terms “national” and “socialist.” The Deutsche Arbeiter Partei National Socialist was born or simply the Nazi party.

Mussolini took the right turn Oct. 18, 1914, when he wrote in Avanti! an article entitled  “From the absolute neutrality to the active neutrality” . He became a supporter of the war on the side of England and France. He was naturally excluded from the Socialist Party. Hitler, in 1920, followed a similar path, maintaining the socialist themes, but by injecting strong nationalist overtones are mainly directed against France and the Treaty of Versailles.

News organizations

The two leaders understood early the power of propaganda and especially that disseminated by the press. In November 1912, Mussolini took the leadership of the Socialist newspaper Avanti! before creating his own newspaper: Il Popolo d’Italia.

If Avanti Popolo then were the first tools of propaganda of the Duce, the Völkicher Beobachter was that the Führer. It was purchased in 1920 by the NSDAP to become its main means of communication and the official organ of the party. Can be found at its head notorious Nazis as Dietrich Eckart (which dedicate Hitler Mein Kampf ) and Alfred Rosenberg, the great theorist of Nazism, author of the myth of the twentieth century.

Corporals casualties of the Great War

Supporters of the war, but in enemy camps, they were both injured (Mussolini and Hitler by a mortar by poison gas) and finished their service rank of Corporal. The post-war would finish forge the soul of future dictators.

The humiliating Treaty of Versailles

Both were outraged by the post-war discussions between the Allies, where the division of the world was made (Treaty of Versailles of 1919) without them. Orlando there was barely involved. They never accepted the humiliating conditions of peace and nourished, very early, a fierce desire for revenge, sowing the passage in the collective unconscious seeds of the next war.

Mussolini believed that the port of Fiume naturally returned to Italy, because of the efforts and hundreds of thousands of deaths. Hitler , meanwhile, denounced the Diktat of the Allies, which amputated Germany, including Alsace and Lorraine, and bled by war reparations required by Clemenceau. The two countries would experience a dizzying inflation plunged the German and Italian peoples into poverty. Revolutionary disorders bloodied both countries (Spartacus League in Germany and communist party in Italy).

Squadristi and SA

Mussolini built a party at his service (the Fasci Combattimento), incorporating the demobilized army and frustrated elements: the squadristi , who adopted the traditional Roman salvation then taken by the Nazis and black shirts. The cult of the body was then put forward, in the movements of fascist youth (Ballila), as later in the Hitler Youth, as well as sports, military art and obedience to the leader. Hitler, for his part, could rely on SA Captain Rohm, former Wehrmacht soldiers. The Storm Troopers (SA) will be finally a copy of squadristi; the Hitler Youth, a copy of Ballila and Gestapo of OVRA …

Politics

Hitler and Mussolini already conspicuous by their talent speakers. They tried to universal suffrage with comparable success (a few dozen members in 1919 for the fascists and some Nazi deputies in the Reichstag.

March on Rome, march on Berlin

When they feel that the fruit was ripe, they decided:

• the first (Mussolini), a march on Rome (1920);
• the second (Hitler) in Berlin (1923).

Mussolini was more successful, as the march gave him the keys of power (1922), offered by King Victor Emmanuel III to avoid a civil war. Hitler had to wait in the shade of his prison where he took the opportunity to write Mein Kampf (1923) . There were both called to power:

• Mussolini , as we have seen, by the King and
• Hitler , Hindenburg, the old Marshal-President, who appointed him Chancellor of the Reich in 1933 (10 years after Mussolini).

Hindenburg as Giovanni Giolitti , then Italian Prime Minister liberal, thought, each in turn, to control the monsters they had just created … Once in power, they did clean up their environment and the opposition parties, n ‘ not hesitate to resort to political assassination, as in Italy one Socialist MP MATTEOETTI in October 1920, or of socialist minister Walter Rathenau in Germany.

Hitler admirer of Mussolini

In 1923, Hitler simple little head of political party (NSDAP) of Bavaria, swore while Mussolini, a model he said. Mussolini Hitler deserved to be Prussian. Hitler asked board in 1933 Council Mussolini to form his government. The reverse was far from complete, Mussolini, although delighted with the expansion in Germany of the Italian model, described his alter-ego “crazy sex”, of “hysterical rogue”! However feeds quickly an inferiority complex mixed with admiration and distrust for the omnipotence of the German war machine.

Führer and Duce respective guides the German and Italian peoples

It was the October 1920-January 1925 Mussolini set up a real dictatorship. The electoral law Acerbo in 1923  allowed him to arrange his victory in 1924 elections but he waited January 1925 to declare the regime as dictatorial (though he never controlled the Catholic Church and the Monarchy)! Hitler , on the death of Hindenburg in 1934 merged its Chancellor function with that of Reich President, destroying, at the same time, what remained of democracy. The cult leader was honored in Italy and Germany; propaganda showing the two leading guides (eyes to the horizon) by warlords, often with references (especially for Mussolini) to antiquity.

Until the Pact of Steel

Hitler and Mussolini escaped both to assassination attempts and introduced anti-Semitic laws (admittedly inspired by Hitler), from the late 30. The highlight of this cooperation was of course the ‘pact steel between the two countries (between the two dictators made) in 1939.

Mussolini: the puppet of Hitler

Yet when one looks more closely, one can wonder whether Mussolini was not a mere puppet of Hitler.

Austrian question: an irritant

Mussolini wanted to recreate the Roman Empire, the great Hitler Germany: so naturally the two projects were painfully rub at the borders. A brutal anima friendship relations between the two men. She found its origin in 1935 with the decision of Mussolini invaded Ethiopia (then Abyssinia). Indeed, before this date, Mussolini sought cooperation with France and England. Mussolini was also worried by the projects of Hitler in Austria (1933-1935): Austria was Mussolini in his sphere of influence. In 1934, Austrian Nazis attempted to seize power by murdering their Premier Engelbert Dollfuss , a declared ally of Italy! To prevent this stranglehold of Germany on Austria, Mussolini began four divisions on alert at the border between Italy and Austria and activated a severe propaganda against the Nazis. Mussolini ultimately delayed the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria, which intervened in 1938.

The Rome-Berlin Axis

From 1935, however, Mussolini strengthened his alliance with Hitler in 1936, the Rome-Berlin axis was consolidating the association was soon extended to Japan with the said pact Anti-Commintern in 1937. In December 1937, economic cooperation was set up in which Italy agreed to import more manufactured goods from Germany. In return, Italy sent 30,000 farmers to work in Germany. In 1939, Italy sold his soul by becoming more and more dependent on coal and German steel.

The anti-Semitic laws in 1938

It was in 1938 that Mussolini introduced in the Italian legislative framework of the anti-Semitic laws. Did he thus forcing Hitler? On 3 August 1938 he was forbidden to employ foreign Jews to the Ministry of Education. On September 1, Mussolini signed a decree forbidding Jews to settle in Italy and Abyssinia. On September 2 the Jews were thanked teachers. On October 6, the great Fascist Council announced the banning of marriages between Italians and Jews … But Mussolini was there a real anti-Semitic?

The Anschluss

Then came the Anschluss (1938). Surprisingly (but could he do otherwise) Mussolini remained idle. On 22 May 1939, Germany and Italy strengthened it relations with the Pact of Steel. Italy Mussolini then agreed to put its forces at the disposal of Germany. But Mussolini, maybe a little naive, looked at this pact as “another piece of paper that interfere in no way the future of Italy.”

The war

When the second war was launched on 3 September 1939, Mussolini, at first, decided to remain neutral. It was not until June 1940 that he decided to commit Italy in the war, that is to say, when the games were made. We can consider that from that moment Mussolini became the puppet of Hitler. In June 1941, When Hitler unleashed Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union of Stalin, Mussolini still supported the German war effort by sending an army. The German troops and Italian troops then fought across Europe and Africa coast to coast.

The wind shifted and flies suddenly changed their donkeys: the Allies retook the hand, especially in North Africa (El Alamein in 1942) and Russia (Stalingrad in September 1942).

The end

The US invasion of Sicily in July 1943 sealed the fate of Mussolini, but did not ring the end of the cooperation between the two dictators. Imprisoned by the Allies, he was freed by an SS commando unit , under the direct orders of Hitler, and was installed in the north of Italy at the head of the Republic of Salo (September 1943-April 1945), which ephemeral Republic Mussolini ended in a bath of blood … People Mussolini and Hitler so them died the same year, but in rather different conditions: the first was hung upside down and lynched by the crowd the second killed himself deep in his Blockhaus.

Religion

Both dictators nourished anti-religious sentiments. Mussolini regarded Christianity as a sect which had succeeded. Others might well have taken its place, Palestine, in Roman times, abounding such brotherhoods of all kinds as the Essenes. But he saw in the Catholic church support to conquer his people. Hitler was even more vehemently opposed to the church. He told Himmler care to design from scratch a new religion based on German culture.

Synthetic

The history of relations between Hitler and Mussolini resembles that of Dr. Frankenstein frightened by the creature he had created and began to escape.