When we look at the determinism of Laplace, we are immersed in his biography and, inevitably, we find the figures of the French Revolution. For the mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace was associated with the greatest, Mirabeau (MP Third State author of the famous "We are here by the will of the people and we will leave... Lire la suite →

Nebulous Passages , chopped style, with no fluidity ... The human condition is not an easy book to read. We do not always understand the meaning and we get lost in the narrative. A summary It all began in China, in spring 1927, while the great European powers, through their concessions, are still the law... Lire la suite →

The Hamas and Fatah are fighting since 1987 the legitimacy of the Palestinian leadership. Despite a common goal, the recognition of a Palestinian state, they are unable to get around a table to discuss a strategy. Worse, they are fighting for power, for money too, putting a little more at risk chances to install a... Lire la suite →

Deus sive natura. Spinoza (1632-1677) shatters the dominant theology of the time (and ours), which means that nature has been created for man by a higher being that resembles it (anthropomorphic). Yet Spinoza is not an atheist. God is cited repeatedly in ethics. But he is merged with nature (Deus sive natura).   God and... Lire la suite →

Hitler and Mussolini It is striking to note the strange similarity between the path of nationalism of cousins between the wars, the brothers of totalitarianism, pioneers in the art of handling the crowds that were Hitler and Mussolini. Hitler and Mussolini Both began their careers at the extreme left of the political spectrum : German... Lire la suite →

Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky took his final years to offer a philosophical synthesis, it presents, with Brother Karamazov, in the form of an array of Russia of XIX century. Does God exist ? And yes is he necessary for morality? Is the man with a free will allowing him to choose, with full knowledge of causes,... Lire la suite →

This map shows the maximum expansion of Islam under Muhammad, the Umayyads and Abbasids. Muhammad in the seventh century control the Arabian Peninsula. The first four caliphs do out of its natural borders, pushing eastward to Persia and westward into Libya via Egypt. The Umayyads reach Afghanistan and North Africa and Spain. They stopped at... Lire la suite →

secret agreements Sikes-Picot 1916 Sykes-Picot 1916 - 2017 2017... London and Paris do they reap in Iraq and Syria fruits they have sown ... in 1916? In 1916, France and England had their eyes turned elsewhere: toward east, toward Germany of Bismarck and William II (Kaiser) which threatened at any moment to break their lines... Lire la suite →

Trigonometry ... a mystery to most of us. The word comes from the Greek. "Gone" is the angle, as in polygon. The "tri" is the triangle. Metron is the art of measuring. The tri-gono-metry is the art of measuring the angles in the triangle. read also : A brief history of mathematics The history of... Lire la suite →

Dead Sea Scrolls Dead see scrolls show that the New Testament is plagiarism. We are at the dawn of spring 1947, close to the rocky shores of the Dead Sea. We are at Qumran, not far from Jerusalem, about ten kilometers from Jericho, the city with the impregnable walls that collapsed yet, more than 3000... Lire la suite →

Voltaire Candid. A classic, which can be read like an adventure story, very useful when trying to introduce children to literature ... Voltaire, of course, is part of the philosophers of the Enlightenment (as opposed to the dark philosophy of previous centuries, dominated by the Catholic scholastic). He was not an atheist but a deist:... Lire la suite →

Recent years have seen the resurgence of war between: on one side, the defenders of the theory of Darwinian evolution, often from science like Richard Dawkins, who think that evolution is random natural events, without preconceived purpose; another, creationists, from religiou cirles, Islamic or evangelists, who believe, on the contrary, that all species have been... Lire la suite →

Durkheim Preface to the first edition from 1895The book aims to establish a rational method of examining social facts, to show them reports of cause and effect by overcoming prejudices and scope of psychology.Preface to the second edition 1901The preface of the second edition is intended to clarify certain points particularly to meet the objections... Lire la suite →

Pierre Fermat Pierre Fermat 1600. We are still under the reign of good King Henry IV. Whoever became Catholic to the throne of the most Christian nations of Europe, France, has just succeeded to extinguish, for a time, the embers of religious wars that bloodied France. The Edict of Nantes is registered in all the... Lire la suite →

"A thing is not just because it is law, but it is law because it is right." Montesquieu. 1748 - The Spirit of the Laws of Montesquieu is published in Geneva without the author's name We are in the France of Louis XV, a France centralized around a monarchy that left long ago the management... Lire la suite →

It is not to men that I speak; it's you, God of all beings, of all worlds and of all time. Voltaire - Prayer to God. As we shall see, and contrary to what he announces in the preamble, VOLTAIRE talk to men, denouncing, ironically, the different religious practices that have drawn for millennia, men... Lire la suite →

Voltaire VOLTAIRE , throwing himself in the exercise of philosophical dictionary, seems to meet Encyclopédistes : Are they too shy? Too averse to risk of censorship? Without a doubt. VOLTAIRE wants to go further, beyonds the limits of the tolerable, shake consciences, challenge traditions, enlighten his time still dominated by the Sorbonne (the faculty of... Lire la suite →

Germinal Claude Berri GERMINAL is part of the Rougon-Macquart cycle, inaugurated by Zola in Assommoir. This cycle is an opportunity to paint a picture of the Second Empire (1851-1870) and the Third Republic, its successor since  1871. Why GERMINAL? This is a reference, of course, to the revolutionary calendar, as we are here in full... Lire la suite →

Louis Ferdinand Céline A surprising reading, innovative designs, JOURNEY TO THE END OF THE NIGHT disconcerts the non-informed reader. Either love it or hate it, it's one or the other. I'm in the first category. Journey to the End of the Night Louis-Ferdinand Céline. A few words about the author Louis-Ferdinand Céline (real name Louis-Ferdinand... Lire la suite →

Albert Camus The Plague, Albert Camus novel, was published in 1947, two years near the end of the war. This is the chronicle of an epidemic that struck in the 40s, the city of Oran, Algeria French yet. Dead rats picked up by then tens, hundreds, announced worse to come for Dr Bernard RIEUX, narrator... Lire la suite →

I read for you the 1984 George Orwell Written in 1948 by George Orwell, 1984 denounced the totalitarianism of the twentieth century. Using the form of the black novel, George Orwell described OCEANIA, an imaginary totalitarian society, which has built and surpassed the tools of oppression invented by his illustrious elders that were Nazism and... Lire la suite →

I read for you The Stanger (Albert Camus - 1947) The stranger, that one knows only by name (MEURSAULT), is a french Algierian, leading a life of average office worker, boring, in any area of the algerian capital. He seems to serve his life, a life he has not chosen, a life without relief, without... Lire la suite →

In this work clairvoyant, Viscount de Tocqueville takes the wrong way bristled story showing how the 1789 revolution, far from being a failure, is a continuation of the old feudal system. OLD REGIME AND THE REVOLUTION Alexis de Tocqueville But first, a word about the author. Talented writer, but poor speaker, he distinguished himself as... Lire la suite →

Rousseau was a special case in the Enlightenment. He was not a Parisian. He prefered the Geneva countryside (where he originated) than the  worldliness of the city. Unlike his contemporary philosophers, he believed that technological progress causes an accumulation of wealth that deepen inequalities. In his letter to d'Alembert 1758, he even spoke of "moral... Lire la suite →

Voltaire Voltaire wrote this book after the trial of Jean Calas, a Protestant wrongly accused of murdering her son converted to Catholicism, March 9, 1762, in Toulouse. So this is a work written "reaction" that Voltaire saw as an injustice of his countrymen, who was due to religious intolerance. This incident was the starting point... Lire la suite →

Montaigne was born in 1533 into a noble Catholic family of Gascogne. France then entered the Renaissance and Francis the first reigned from 1515. The Lutheran Reformation (Protestantism) threatened royal authority, based on the Catholic Church: the first Protestant persecution began in 1520. They degenerated into civil war, which reached its peak in 1572, on... Lire la suite →

In the sadly usual context of the Arab-Israeli conflict, the rocket rain HAMAS batter the skulls of innocent Israeli civilians, in retaliation for Tsahal missiles whose aim is to silence those damned batteries. What is Hamas ? A story of 1500 years ... At the time, David (later King of the Jews and father of... Lire la suite →

The Saudi Arabia is the main responsible for the diffusion of the dark side of Islam : Wahhabism. But Arabia is not alone. Westerners, foremost among them the United States, for simplicity, by interest miscalculated, also have their share of responsibility... What is Wahhabism ? Today sitting on a hoard of 2,000 billion, Saudi Arabia... Lire la suite →

Map of the "expansion of Islam Shiites Iran, the great power Shiite supports the Iraqi government (Shia), but Bashar al-Assad, an Alawite (a branch of Shiism ) and the Houthi rebellion in Yemen. North Lebanon and the southern Syrian rampant Hezbollah militia Shiite who fights alongside the same Assad, against DAESH (Sunnism tends Wahhabi )... Lire la suite →